What is Antimony and how is it used?

Antimony is a metal found in natural deposits as ores containing other elements. The most widely used antimony compound is antimony trioxide, used as a flame retardant. It is also found in batteries, pigments, and ceramics/glass.

Why is Antimony being Regulated?

In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine safe levels of chemicals in drinking water which do or may cause health problems. These non-enforceable levels, based solely on possible health risks and exposure, are called Maximum Contaminant Level Goals.

The MCLG for antimony has been set at 6 parts per billion (ppb) because EPA believes this level of protection would not cause any of the potential health problems described below.

Based on this MCLG, EPA has set an enforceable standard called a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL). MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as possible, considering the ability of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies.

The MCL has also been set at 6 ppb because EPA believes, given present technology and resources, this is the lowest level to which water systems can reasonably be required to remove this contaminant should it occur in drinking water.

These drinking water standards and the regulations for ensuring these standards are met, are called National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. All public water supplies must abide by these regulations.

What are the Health Effects?

Short-term: EPA has found antimony to potentially cause the following health effects when people are exposed to it at levels above the MCL for relatively short periods of time: nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

Long-term: Antimony has the potential to cause the following effects from a lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL: AND/OR- Antimony is a (known/potential drinking water) human carcinogen. OR- No reliable data are available concerning health effects from long-term exposure to antimony in drinking water.

How much Antimony is produced and released to the environment?

In 1984, 64.5 million lbs. antimony ore was mined and refined. Production of the most commonly used antimony compound, the trioxide, increased during the 1980s to about 31 million lbs, reported in 1985. Industrial dust, auto exhaust and home heating oil are the main sources in urban air.

From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxics Release Inventory antimony and antimony compound releases to land and water totaled over 12 million lbs. These releases were primarily from copper and lead smelting and refining industries. The largest releases occurred in Arizona and Montana. The greatest releases to water occurred in Washington and Louisiana.

What happens to Antimony when it is released to the environment?

Little is known about antimony s fate once released to soil. Some studies indicate that antimony is highly mobile in soils, while others conclude that it strongly adsorbs to soil. In water, it usually adheres to sediments. Most antimony compounds show little or no tendency to accumulate in aquatic life.

How will Antimony be Detected in and Removed from My Drinking Water?

The regulation for antimony became effective in 1994. Between 1993 and 1995, EPA required your water supplier to collect water samples every 3 months for one year and analyze them to find out if antimony is present above 6 ppb. If it is present above this level, the system must continue to monitor this contaminant.

If contaminant levels are found to be consistently above the MCL, your water supplier must take steps to reduce the amount of antimony so that it is consistently below that level. The following treatment methods have been approved by EPA for removing antimony: Coagulation/Filtration, Reverse Osmosis.

How will I know if Antimony is in my drinking water?

If the levels of antimony exceed the MCL, the system must notify the public via newspapers, radio, TV and other means. Additional actions, such as providing alternative drinking water supplies, may be required to prevent serious risks to public health.

Drinking Water Standards:

	MCLG: 6 ppb
	MCL:  6 ppb

	Antimony Releases to Water and Land, 1987 to 1993 (in pounds):

	  Water                  Land 

	TOTALS    330,064        12,003,373



	Top Ten States *

	AZ   505                 7,074,128 
	MT   0                   2,338,697 
	TX   24,817              840,392 
	LA   55,414              344,762 
	WI   1,445               392,000 
	MO   784                 188,266 
	WA   63,220              99,915 
	ID   2,600               140,250
	TN   687                 108,325 
	AL   27,536              69,503

	Major Industries*
	Copper smelting, refining  505       7,074,128
	Other nonferrous smelt.    17,015    2,383,947
	Sec. nonferrous smelt.     1,459     803,398
	Misc Indust. Organics      18,424    581,465
	Porcelain plumb. fixtures  1,445     392,000
	Petroleum refining         111,527   202,251
	Misc Inorganic chems.      4,962     140,250
	Plastics, resins           20        60,372
	Storage batteries          0         45,952
	Synthetic fibers           26,803    12,535

	* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases greater 
	than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 lbs.